火烧后亚高山草甸恢复过程中物种组成和群落特征变化规律的研究

为了解火烧对植物群落结构和植被恢复速度的影响,本研究以甘肃省皇城羊场亚高山草甸为研究对象,于2017年5月进行了火烧试验,并分别在2017,2018及2019年的5月（返青期）、7月（生长期）和9月（生长末期）测量了该区域火烧样地和原生样地的植被覆盖度、群落多样性和裸地百分比等指标。结果表明：2019年5月后火烧样地与原生样地间植物群落多样性指数（Margalef指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数和Pielou指数）间差异不显著;火烧后引起的植物结构变化是短暂的,并随着时间的推移逐渐减少甚至消失,恢复时间大约16个月左右;同时火烧改变了物种组成,其中在火烧样地中甘肃马先蒿（Pedicularis kansuensis）和锐果鸢尾（Iris goniocarpa）逐渐消失,而鳞叶龙胆（Gentiana squarrosa）和火绒草（Leontopodium leontopodioides）逐渐出现。本研究说明春季火烧对亚高山草甸植物组成和结构有一定的调节作用,可作为亚高山草甸管理的有效措施。     

新疆规模化奶牛场牛群结构调查与问题分析

为加快奶牛养殖由数量型向质量效益型转变,促进奶业提质增效高质量发展,助力新疆“十四五”规划开好局、起好步,笔者所在团队对新疆8 个地州、35 个县、85 家规模化奶牛场进行了实地查看走访、数据采集,重点对牛群结构及生产技术参数进行分析。结果发现,大部分奶牛场的牛群结构都存在一些较为突出的共性问题,影响了奶牛场的经营效益与长期发展。本文对问题进行了汇总,并提出了有效的改进措施,旨在引起奶牛场经营者的重视,同时也为日后有针对性地开展技术服务提供参考。     

巴音布鲁克新疆假龙胆适生地植物群落物种多样性及其环境解释

为研究新疆巴音布鲁克地区不同土壤层次环境因子对新疆假龙胆适生地植物群落物种多样性的影响,为新疆假龙胆物种多样性保护提供理论依据。采用野外样地调查的方法,在新疆假龙胆适生海拔范围内共设置了16个样地进行植物多样性统计分析,共调查到植物72种,隶属22科48属,以豆科和禾本科植物为主。根据样地内各物种重要值的大小将所有采样点的植物群落划分为5类。通过单因素方差分析和RDA分析,对植物群落多样性指数与土壤环境因子间的关系进行了分析,结果表明:物种多样性指数与土壤环境因子之间具有显著的相关关系,其中土壤全磷、全氮、总盐是影响物种多样性的主导因素。对植物群落多样性指数与土壤不同层次理化指标的进一步分析表明:影响植物群落物种多样性极显著的环境因子是0~20cm土层的全磷,其次分别是0~10cm土层的全钾和30~50cm土层的总盐和pH值。     

青海省祁连县羊布鲁氏病发生情况调查及防治

羊布鲁氏杆菌病俗称布病,是由布鲁氏杆菌感染引起的一种人畜共患病。近年,我国家畜饲养量不断增加,动物及其产品流通不断频繁,部分地区布鲁氏杆菌病呈现上升趋势,严重威胁当地畜牧养殖产业和人民群众的身体健康。该文主要就祁连县羊布鲁氏杆菌病的发生情况进行调查,提出相应的防治对策。     

Suspected levamisole intoxication in calves

CASE HISTORY: A group of 32 Friesian and four Hereford calves, 3–4 months old with body weights between 100–120?kg, were purchased from a weaner sale. On arrival at the property the Hereford calves were treated with a combination anthelmintic containing 2?g/L abamectin and 80?g/L levamisole hydrochloride. Shortly afterwards they developed tremors and frothing from the mouth, and two died overnight. The Friesian calves were treated with the same anthelmintic on the following day, when some showed hypersalivation and frothing from the mouth.

CLINICAL FINDINGS: Examination of the three most severely affected Friesian calves revealed severe nicotinic-type symptoms including hypersalivation, frothing from the mouth, muscle tremors, recumbency, rapid respiration, hyperaesthesia, and central nervous system depression. Other calves showed mild to moderate signs of intoxication including restlessness, tail switching, salivation, tremors, frequent defaecation, mild colic and jaw chomping. Two calves died shortly afterwards. An adverse drug event investigation revealed that the formulation and quality of the anthelmintic was within the correct specification, and that the drench gun was functioning correctly.

DIAGNOSIS: Suspected levamisole intoxication due to a combination of possible overdosing, dehydration, and stress caused by transportation and prolonged yarding.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Susceptibility to levamisole toxicity in New Zealand calves can be increased if factors like dehydration or stress are present. Levamisole has a narrow margin of safety, and overdosing in calves can easily occur if the dose rate is not based on their actual weight or health status.     

Horse Preference,Forage Yield,and Species Persistence of 12 Perennial Cool-Season Grass Mixtures Under Horse Grazing

Cool-season grass mixtures are rarely evaluated for preference, yield, and persistence under horse grazing. The objectives of this research were to evaluate horse preference, forage yield, and persistence of cool-season grass mixtures under horse grazing. Eight commercially marketed and four experimental perennial cool-season grass mixtures were planted in 2009 in a randomized complete block with five replicates and grazed by four adult horses during 2010, 2011, and 2012. All mixtures contained four to six cool-season perennial grass species. Specie density measurements were taken in each spring and fall, and yield was mechanically measured before each grazing period. After grazing, preference was determined by visually assessing percentage of forage removal on a scale of 0 (no grazing) to 100 (100% of vegetation removed). Data were analyzed using a mixed-model analysis of variance and liner regression. Horses preferred mixtures containing tall fescue, perennial ryegrass, Kentucky bluegrass, and timothy (P < .001). Horses had less preference for mixtures containing ≥30% orchardgrass (P < .001). Mixtures had similar (P = .11) forage yields that ranged from 6,100 to 7,082 kg ha⁻¹. After 2 years of grazing, orchardgrass and tall fescue increased; Kentucky bluegrass remained stable; and festulolium, meadow fescue, and perennial ryegrass had the greatest rate of decline in mixtures. Orchardgrass became the dominate species, regardless of initial percentage in the mixture. Mixtures containing tall fescue, perennial ryegrass, Kentucky bluegrass, and timothy should be planted in midwestern US horse pastures; however, mixtures will likely transition to tall fescue and Kentucky bluegrass–dominated pastures.     

短期围栏封育对高寒草甸植物群落及土壤理化性质的影响

充分了解围栏封育对植物群落及土壤理化性质的影响,是合理制定草甸恢复和利用相关政策、促进当地畜牧业经济可持续发展的关键。本研究通过对西藏三江并流区封育2年的高寒草甸的群落样方调查与土壤理化性质测定,结果表明,比较自由放牧,围封后地上和地下生物量分别提高26.24%和8.94%,但物种多样性指数略有下降;围封后土壤电导率、盐度和总溶解固体分别下降26.50%,29.03%,30.15%;围栏内地上生物量与土壤盐度、总溶解固体、电导率呈显著正相关(P<0.05),地下生物量与硝态氮、温度呈显著正相关(P<0.05);围栏外地下生物量与介电常数、体积含水率呈显著负相关(P<0.05),与铵态氮呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。研究结果表明,2年短期围封对高寒草甸植物群落及其土壤理化性质均有一定改善,可以作为应对草甸退化的干扰手段与管理措施。     

生物多样性与地形及土壤因素对坡面产流产沙的耦合影响

生物多样性关系到生态系统的功能,而坡度和土壤因素是影响坡面产流产沙的重要因子。本研究基于黄土丘陵区生物多样性,并引入坡度、降雨前土壤含水量和土壤容重,探究其与坡面产流产沙总量的耦合关系。通过野外人工降雨试验,记录草本、灌木和乔木群落下的产流时间和产流产沙总量,并开展土壤植被调查。结果表明,与草本和乔木群落相比,灌木群落在延长产流开始时间和降低产沙总量上表现更优;植被群落功能离散度指数(FDiv)对产沙总量影响最大,Simpson指数(D)对产流总量影响最大,坡度仍然是不可忽视的第二重要影响因素;产流总量与坡度、土壤容重、D和功能丰富度指数(FRic)的回归关系优于产流总量分别与其的回归关系;产沙总量与坡度和FDiv指数的回归关系优于产沙总量分别与其的回归关系。植被保护与坡度改善将是该区水土保持规划工作的重点。     

大豆属Clycine亚属植物花粉形态研究

对大豆属Ｇｌｙｃｉｎｅ亚属中０个种的花粉进行了光学显微镜和扫描电镜的观察。发现多倍体材料的花粉大于二倍体的。并发现Ｇｌｙｃｉｎｅ亚属诸种花粉的形、萌发孔、外壁纹饰均存明显差异。